World War II Tank Shells: A Comprehensive Overview

The types of tank shells used during World War II varied widely based on the nation and the specific tank model. This article provides a detailed overview of the main categories of tank shells used during the conflict.

Main Categories of Tank Shells Used in World War II

During World War II, tank shells were primarily categorized into several key types, each designed for specific combat scenarios. Here is a detailed breakdown of these categories:

Armor Piercing Shells

The primary objective of armor piercing (AP) shells was to penetrate tank armor. Here are the main subcategories:

Armor-Piercing, High-Explosive Anti-Tank (APHEAT or simply HEAT): These shells, known as "High Explosive Anti-Armor" or "Shaped Charge", focused the explosive force on a small area, typically around the size of a dime, to create a powerful impact hole through tank armor. Armor-Piercing, Discarding Sabot (APDS): This type of shell consisted of an outer layer that separated from the main projectile after firing, leaving a thin, dense "dart". During World War II, the dart was typically made of tungsten, which focused the kinetic energy on a small area, thus increasing penetration. Armor-Piercing Composite Rigid (APCR): Developed as a lighter alternative to APDS, APCR used a sub-calibre projectile enclosed in a full-calibre lighter outer casing, often made of aluminum. This design allowed for easier handling and higher velocity without as much weight. High Velocity Armor Piercing (HVAP) and German "Hard Ammunition"U 00002F: Used by the British and Americans, HVAP shells utilized a lighter aluminum outer casing with a tungsten core for better performance. The Germans also developed a similar hard ammunition, though its specific name is less documented.

High-Explosive Shells

High-explosive (HE) shells were designed to maximize explosive power and spread shrapnel upon detonation, but they lacked the penetration capability of armor-piercing shells. This type of shell was especially useful for destroying soft targets or attacking unarmored vehicles.

Smoke Shells

Smoke shells were primarily used for creating a screen to obscure vision or for marking targets. These shells were not designed for direct combat but for tactical maneuvers.

Practice/Drill Ammunition

Practice or drill ammunition was developed for training purposes, to minimize the risk of accidental damage during exercises. This type of ammunition was designed to be less effective in combat but still simulate real-world scenarios.

Exotic Shell Designs

Some of the more unusual shell designs included the "Squeeze Bore" technique, where a smaller caliber shell was compressed to a smaller diameter in the final part of the barrel to increase muzzle velocity. This method was relatively rare and was mostly used in smaller-caliber weapons, such as the 2pdr 40mm British gun.

Conclusion

The diversity of tank shells during World War II underscored the evolving nature of tank warfare and the constant challenge of developing effective armor and countermeasures. These shells played a crucial role in determining the outcome of engagements and battles, making them an essential aspect of tank technology during the conflict.