Why do Military Snipers Prefer Bolt-Action Rifles Over Semi-Automatic Ones?

Why do Military Snipers Prefer Bolt-Action Rifles Over Semi-Automatic Ones?

Introduction to Sniper Rifles

In the realm of military sniping, the choice between bolt-action and semi-automatic rifles is as nuanced as the missions they support. While both types have their merits, the bolt-action rifle, with its simplicity and reliability, often emerges as the preferred choice. This is particularly true in scenarios where the goal is to execute a single, high-value target from a long distance.

The Essence of Sniper Fire

The first rule drummed into every sniper is:

The aim of a sniper is to kill with one round.

This principle underscores the critical importance of precision. In the context of a bolt-action rifle, the shooter's focus is uncomplicated by the variables associated with semi-automatics, such as gas settings and potential mechanical jams. A bolt-action weapon ensures that once the round is chambered, the trigger must simply be squeezed, with absolute precision required.

Factors Influencing Rifle Choice

The primary decision factor in choosing a sniper rifle is the mission's duty requirements. For conventional sniping, where a single, high-value target is the objective, the bolt-action rifle excels. It offers finely tuned triggers and a stable firing platform, making it an excellent choice for targeting individual, known entities.

Conversely, when the mission involves engaging multiple targets to deny specific locations or equipment to the enemy, a semi-automatic rifle is more suitable. These scenarios often require rapid, multiple engagements, which a semi-automatic's continuous fire advantage can provide.

Both the U.S. Army and Marine Corps have employed these principles. The Army frequently uses semi-automatic rifles, often in intelligence-gathering or ‘force economy’ missions, where the goal is to deny specific locations to the enemy. The Marines, on the other hand, focus on precise, single-target actions, aligning their training and deployment doctrine with bolt-action rifles.

Past and Present Trends

Historically, the use of semi-automatic rifles in sniping dates back to the Vietnam War, where the XM-21 was among the early semi-automatic sniper rifles employed. Since then, semi-automatic rifles like the AR-10 have continued to see use, particularly among snipers who trained on and are proficient in these systems.

Snipers' training involves familiarizing themselves with various rifle types, and they often carry the rifle they trained with into the field. Bolstered by advancements in rifle technology, bolt-action rifles remain a staple in sniper arsenals, particularly when precision and reliability are paramount.

Ultimately, the choice between bolt-action and semi-automatic rifles is not a simple one. It depends on the mission's requirements, the sniper's specific training, and the circumstances on the ground. What remains constant, however, is the unwavering commitment to achieving that single, decisive shot.