Why Coal Still Dominates Over Renewable Energy in Some Regions Despite Environmental Advantages

In the ongoing debate between the continued use of coal and the shift towards renewable energy resources, the reasons for coal's persistence are multifaceted. This article explores the factors contributing to this trend, especially in developing nations and regions where renewable energy options face logistical and economic challenges. The case studies of Zambia and the potential of micro hydro power systems highlight the complexities surrounding this issue.

Continued Use of Coal Despite Environmental Advantages

Coal remains a major source of energy despite its well-documented environmental downsides. According to recommendations from European Union (EU) experts, the focus on mitigating and adapting to climate change in developing nations often centers on minimizing costs. In some cases, the affordability of coal is seen as a ‘best environmental option’ even if it does not completely address environmental concerns. This perspective is exemplified by the belief that coal can provide ‘cheap electricity even from coal if that saves trees.’

This rationale underscores the economic realities faced by nations like Zambia, which faces significant environmental challenges even with its reliance on renewable sources. Zambia's experience with hydroelectric power illustrates the risks associated with overreliance on a single form of renewable energy. Seasonal droughts and water availability issues have severely impacted their electricity supply, making coal a fallback.

The Case of Zambia

Zambia, a country grappling with resource constraints, provides a stark example of the trade-offs involved. Drought has depleted their hydroelectric capacity, leaving them vulnerable to supply shortages. The juxtaposition of Zambia’s situation with the potential benefits of micro hydro systems from the Congo River demonstrates the missed opportunities for sustainable development. Micro hydro systems are significantly cheaper to install and maintain, making them an attractive alternative to fossil fuels. Despite this, larger conventional renewable projects like hydro have been hampered by ecological considerations and higher costs.

Renewable Energy Costs and Viability

The cost of renewable energy technologies is another critical factor. According to the International Renewable Energy Agency, installed costs for large conventional systems can be prohibitively high. In contrast, micro hydro systems, such as run-of-river installations, have much lower initial costs, around $0.50 per kilowatt. Additionally, these systems offer competitive long-term generation costs, often under 1 cent per kilowatt-hour.

The Réserve internationale du Congo, with its vast catchment area in the northern hemisphere, presents an ideal opportunity for run-of-river hydro systems. However, the significant seasonal variation in flow, with minimal variation (less than 1 meter) and measured depths around 220 meters, can limit the potential of such projects. Understanding these dynamics is crucial for effective renewable energy planning in the region.

Regional Energy Transition

The U.S. provides a compelling example of the rapid shift away from coal. Over the past two decades, there has been a significant reduction in the use of coal for energy generation. In 2001, coal accounted for over 50% of energy produced, but by 2022, this figure had dropped to around 20%, and projections suggest it will continue to decline further in the coming years.

While many coal power plants are being decommissioned and some are being converted to natural gas, the move towards cleaner alternatives is gradual and uneven. Combined cycle gas turbines offer a significant improvement in efficiency and emission levels, coping better with the variability of renewable energy sources such as solar and wind. The resurgence of solar and wind power, albeit at a slower pace than desired, underscores the shift towards more sustainable energy solutions.

Conclusion

The continued reliance on coal in certain regions highlights the complex interplay between economic realities, environmental concerns, and technological advancements. While the environmental advantages of renewable energy are clear, the economic imperatives and logistical challenges often dictate the continued use of coal. Addressing these challenges will require a multi-faceted approach, including investments in renewable technologies, supportive policies, and innovative financing models. By exploring these options, we can create a more sustainable and resilient energy future for all.

Keywords: coal vs renewable energy, renewable energy sources, environmental impact