Unveiling the Difference Between Autonomous and Automated Vehicles

What is the Difference Between an Autonomous Vehicle and an Automated Vehicle?

In the ongoing discourse about smart transportation solutions, the terms 'autonomous vehicles' and 'automated vehicles' are often conflated. However, these terms have distinct definitions, primarily centered around the extent to which the vehicle can operate without direct human intervention.

Basis and Definition

The key to understanding the difference lies in the concept of autonomy. According to the United Nations (UN), autonomy is defined in five levels, focusing on who bears responsibility for the vehicle's actions. Traditionally, the driver was considered fully responsible for the car's every action, implying that the car cannot override the driver's decisions.

The Evolution of Research and Regulations

The landscape changed as the global research community began to explore the possibilities of self-driving cars. Subsequently, regulations were adjusted to reflect the capabilities of these vehicles. The UN guidelines now allow for scenarios where the vehicle can take responsibility from the driver under certain conditions.

The Five Levels of Autonomous Driving

Level 1: Basic systems like adaptive cruise control or lane control. These operate within strict parameters and can be easily overridden by the driver. The driver retains full responsibility. Level 2: Advanced systems that can perform more sophisticated maneuvers such as steering into curves, changing lanes, and parking. While the vehicle can initiate these maneuvers, it still requires an initial instruction from the driver. New BMW models, for example, allow for lane changes initiated by the driver. Currently, nearly all vehicles sold fall into this category. Level 3: The vehicle can execute maneuvers on its own but must occasionally call upon the driver to take over. If the driver does not respond, the car must safely stop. Mercedes-Benz is one of the few manufacturers with a Level 3 system, which alerts the driver when control is needed. Drivers must remain vigilant and alert, as they are still responsible for preventing accidents. Level 4: The car can drive fully autonomously as the default mode, requiring driver intervention only in emergencies. Human interaction is not necessary during normal operation, and in some cases, the car may remove traditional controls like the steering wheel and pedals. Remote human monitoring is still a possibility. This level is not yet seen in commercial vehicles. Level 5: The ultimate level of autonomy where the driver is no longer a driver but a passenger. Traditional controls are removed, and the vehicle operates without needing any driver input at all. This scenario is yet to be realized commercially, though it represents the pinnacle of autonomous vehicle technology.

Implications and Future Prospects

The evolution from autonomous to automated vehicles heralds significant changes in mobility. As the technology advances, it could lead to safer, more efficient, and potentially more accessible transportation solutions. However, ethical, legal, and regulatory challenges remain, particularly around liability and the transition between levels of autonomy.

As the automotive industry continues to innovate, it is crucial to establish clear guidelines and standards to ensure public safety and pave the way for widespread adoption of these advanced technologies.