Understanding Genes: Their Function and Transmission in Humans

In the fascinating realm of biological sciences, the study of genes and their roles in shaping an individual's traits is known as genetics. This intricate process involves the transfer of genetic information from parents to offspring, which is a fundamental aspect of heredity.

How Are Genes Passed on from Parents to Offspring?

The process of gene transmission begins with the formation of sex cells in the parents. In males, genes are carried in sperm cells, whereas in females, they are present in eggs. When these gametes meet and successfully fertilize in the fallopian tube, the resulting zygote receives a combined set of genes from both parents. Each parent contributes 23 chromosomes, resulting in a diploid zygote with a total of 46 chromosomes.

How Do Genes Work?

Genes are segments of DNA that carry genetic information and determine specific traits in an individual. They are responsible for encoding proteins and other molecules that influence physical and functional aspects of an organism. The process of gene function is known as gene expression.

During gene expression, the genetic code in DNA is transcribed into RNA and then translated into proteins. This comprehensive mechanism ensures that each gene contributes to the overall phenotype of an individual. For a more detailed understanding of gene expression, you can explore relevant articles from reputable sources such as the Jackson Lab's article on genes.

The Role of Alleles in Genetic Transmission

Genes come in different versions known as alleles. These alleles provide variance in genetic traits from generation to generation. For example, in eye color, brown eyes are considered a dominant trait compared to the recessive trait of blue eyes. The frequency with which these traits emerge is called allele frequency. These frequencies are part of the broader study of population genetics.

Genetics and Evolutionary Theory

It is important to note that new genes are not created through random mutation. Instead, the variation in genes is a result of heredity patterns and natural selection. This aligns with neo-Darwinian evolutionary theory, which posits that evolution results from the selection of beneficial genetic variations.

Additional Sources for Further Learning

To delve deeper into these topics, you can refer to online encyclopedias like Wikipedia. These resources provide extensive and precise information on the intricacies of genetic transmission and gene function.