Scandinavian Countries and World War II: Occupations and Alliances

During World War II, the Scandinavian countries of Finland, Norway, and Sweden each faced unique circumstances and challenges. This article explores the experiences of these nations during the war, focusing on their relationships with Axis and Allied powers and the impact of occupation on each country.

Finland: A Complex Relationship with Nazi Germany

Winter War (1939-1940)

The Winter War began in November 1939 when the Soviet Union invaded Finland. This conflict was a significant event in the early stages of World War II, resulting in the Finnish Army's successful defense against superior Soviet forces. A peace treaty, the Moscow Peace Treaty, was signed in March 1940, ceding some territory to the Soviet Union but maintaining Finland's independence.

Continuation War (1941-1944)

Following the assassination of Finnish Prime Minister Antti Nieminen, Finland once again allied with Nazi Germany in an attempt to regain lost territories from the Soviet Union. This move, known as the Continuation War, lasted until 1944. Despite German military operations occurring within Finnish territory, Finland was not formally occupied by Nazi forces. However, the country faced significant pressure from both Germany and the Soviet Union throughout the war.

Post-Continuation War

Finland continued to align with the Allies towards the end of the war, ultimately joining the Allied powers in fighting against the Axis forces led by Nazi Germany. Finland emerged from the conflict as an independent but strategically isolated nation, having successfully resisted conquest throughout the duration of World War II.

Norway: The Nazi Occupation

Occupation (1940)

Norway was invaded by Nazi Germany on April 9, 1940, as part of Operation Weserübung. The invasion was swift, and the German military quickly established control over the country. A puppet government, led by Vidkun Quisling, was established to manage Norwegian affairs under German influence. The country remained under Nazi occupation until the end of the war, suffering greatly due to the ensuing economic and political turmoil.

The Resistance Movement (1940-1945)

During the occupation, a significant resistance movement emerged within Norway. This included sabotage operations, support for Allied activities, and efforts to continue national traditions under oppressive conditions. The resistance played a crucial role in delaying German plans and aiding the eventual Allied liberation of Norway.

Sweden: Neutrality and Collaboration

World War II Neutrality (1939-1945)

Throughout the entirety of World War II, Sweden maintained a position of absolute neutrality. Despite this, the country faced considerable pressure from both the Axis powers led by Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union. Sweden allowed the transit of German troops and materials, particularly to Finland, while also providing asylum to refugees and supporting the Allies covertly.

Despite not being formally occupied, Sweden's strategic position and cooperation with Germany made it a significant player in the European theater during the war. However, the country's active support for the Allies and its efforts to maintain neutrality ultimately contributed to its peaceful survival through the conflict.

Conclusion

The experiences of Finland, Norway, and Sweden during World War II highlight the multifaceted nature of Scandinavian involvement in the war. While Norway was fully occupied and faced harsh Nazi rule, Finland navigated complex alliances with Nazi Germany, ultimately aligning with the Allies towards the war's end. Sweden, while remaining neutral, played a significant role through strategic cooperation and support.

These events have left an indelible mark on the history of the Scandinavian region, shaping the political and social landscapes of Finland, Norway, and Sweden for years to come.

Keywords: Finland WW2, Norway WW2, Sweden WW2