Navigating the Depths: Understanding Periscopes in Modern Submarines

Modern submarines, as technological marvels of the aquatic world, are equipped with a variety of sophisticated instruments to navigate and observe underwater environments. Among these are the periscopes, which play a crucial role in providing critical situational awareness to the crew. Typically, a modern submarine may carry one or two periscopes, with the addition of a Photonics Mast in more advanced classes. These systems offer enhanced capabilities that traditional optical periscopes cannot match, including night vision and infrared imaging.

Primary Periscope: Navigation and Observation

The primary periscope, often referred to as the navigation periscope, is designed for basic navigation and observation above the waterline. It provides clear, albeit limited, views of the surface to help the submarine avoid obstacles and navigate safely. In some cases, these periscopes can be manually adjusted to a fixed position, which is sufficient for general situational awareness.

Advanced Systems: Photonics Mast and Optronic Periscopes

Modern advancements have introduced alternative technologies to the traditional periscope, such as the Photonics Mast and Op?ronic Periscopes. These systems offer several advantages over traditional periscopes. For instance, the United States Navy has recently phased out traditional optical periscopes from its newest classes of submarines, opting for Photonics Masts that integrate multiple cameras capable of infrared and low-light imaging.

The Photonics Mast in the U.S. class submarines comprises a few key components: a camera for visible light, a FLIR (Forward Looking Infrared) camera for low-light conditions, and an antenna for Electronic Support Measures (ESM). Two of these masts are typically integrated into the submarine's sail, allowing for a seamless interface with the onboard control systems.

Historical and Modern Periscope Usage

Historically, the submarine on which I served had three types of periscopes: an observation periscope, an attack periscope, and a navigation periscope. Each served a distinct purpose, with the observation periscope having a wide field of view for broad surveillance and the attack periscope offering high magnification for detailed targeting. The navigation periscope provided a balance between the two, with a wide field of view and the ability to pan for broader observation.

Traditionally, the U.S. Navy has relied on two companies to manufacture these periscopes: Kollmorgen in Northampton, Massachusetts, and Sperry Marine in Charlottesville, Virginia. Kollmorgen notably manufactures the Photonics Mast, having won the competition against Sperry in the early 1990s. However, Kollmorgen also refines and refurbishes many of the older periscopes, some of which date back to World War II and have been used as spares in various submarines.

Evolving Technologies: Photonics Mast and Alternative Sensors

Today, the move away from traditional optical periscopes is evident as modern submarines increasingly opt for Photonics Masts. These advanced systems provide more than what the human eye can achieve, incorporating high-resolution cameras and FLIR systems for low-light imaging. The Photonics Mast also does not require an opening in the pressure hull, unlike the traditional periscope, which frees up significant space that can be utilized for other purposes.

Submarines often use additional sensors and cameras for even greater situational awareness. These systems can include Sonar for underwater detection, radar for surface detection, and other advanced sensors that provide a comprehensive view of the submarine's surroundings. These technological advancements have made modern submarines more versatile and capable of navigating complex underwater environments with precision and efficiency.

In conclusion, while the traditional periscope still retains its significance in modern submarines, the development of advanced systems like the Photonics Mast represents a significant leap forward in submarine technology. These systems continue to evolve, offering enhanced capabilities that ensure submarines remain at the forefront of underwater navigation and observation.

Keywords: submarine periscopes, modern submarine technology, photonics mast