Introduction

From the trebuchets of medieval times to the sophisticated systems of modern day, the methods for launching missiles from submarines have evolved significantly. This article explores the historical development and current technology used for deploying submarine missiles, focusing on the 1940s and 1960s systems.

Medieval Times: Trebuchets and Crossbows

The early attempts to launch missiles from submarines were nothing like the technology used today. During the medieval era, trebuchets and crossbows were adapted to launch indirect fire weapons from underwater vessels. However, these methods were never widely used and were considered part of a conceptual exercise more than practical application.

The Renaissance: Leonardo da Vinci's Crossbow

During the Renaissance, a more practical method was introduced by Leonardo da Vinci. His crossbow design, although advanced for its time, was not widely implemented. The concept of using a crossbow was an intriguing attempt to fire missiles from the deck of a submarine without needing to surface. However, this system never saw active use.

World War II and Post-War Development

The transition from surface operations to submerged operations in launching missiles began in the early 20th century. During World War II, submarines had to surface to launch their missiles due to the technological limitations of the time. The process involved moving the missile around on the deck, setting it up, and igniting the motor manually.

1960s: The Invention of Launch Tubes

The 1960s witnessed the development and implementation of the current system, which uses launch tubes built into the submarine. This system, referred to as the #8220;vertical launch system#8221; or VLS, is now the standard for launching missiles from submarines. When a missile is launched, highly compressed air is used to push the missile out of the sub and into the air. This compressed air also creates a bubble around the missile to keep it dry. Once the missile is above the water, the rocket motor ignites and continues the journey.

The Polaris Missile Subs and Regulus

In the period preceding the Polaris missile subs, there were other versions of air-breathing missiles, notably Regulus. These were carried in watertight deck-mounted chambers and required the submarine to surface for launch. The Polaris missile subs, however, marked a significant advancement in submarine technology, featuring dedicated launch tubes.

Launching Through Dedicated Launch Tunes

Modern submarines use dedicated launch tubes. When a missile is fired, the sub reaches a certain depth and opens the launch tube. The gas charge beneath the missile pushes it out of the water, then a rocket booster ignites to propel the missile into the air. This method ensures the missile is launched quickly and efficiently, even without breaking the surface.

Sub-Harpoon and SM.39 Exocet

The Sub-Harpoon and SM.39 Exocet missiles are launched through torpedo tubes in a manner similar to how torpedoes are fired. Compressed air is used to force the missile out of the tube, and a protective cocoon ensures the missile can float to the surface. Once at the surface, a rocket booster ignites to send the missile into the air, allowing its turbojet engine to take over.

Ballistic Missiles

The launch of a ballistic missile from a submarine involves a different process. When the command to launch is given, a gas generator provides the momentary overpressure needed to force the missile through the cap in the tube that protects it from external damage. The missile then breaks the surface of the water with sufficient force. Once clear of the surface, the first stage motor ignites and sends the missile on its journey.

Conclusion

From medieval trebuchets to modern launch tubes, the methods of launching missiles from submarines have undergone a remarkable evolution. The current systems, although complex and technologically advanced, are based on decades of research and development. As submarine technology continues to advance, the methods of missile launch will undoubtedly continue to evolve, ensuring that nations have the capability to project power under the waves.