How Submarines Use Sonar Waves to Navigate and Avoid Obstacles Underwater

Navigation and obstacle avoidance are critical challenges for submarines, particularly in the treacherous underwater environment. To address these challenges, sonar technology has become an indispensable tool. This article explores how sonar operates and how it helps submarines navigate and avoid underwater collisions.

Types of Sonar

There are two primary types of sonar technology used by submarines: active sonar and passive sonar.

Active Sonar

Active sonar involves the emission of sound waves into the water. These sound waves are directed into the environment and reflected back when they encounter an object. By measuring the time elapsed between the emission of the sound waves and their return, submarines can determine the location of the object. This method is highly effective for detecting both stationary and moving targets.

Passive Sonar

In contrast, passive sonar involves listening to sounds made by objects in the water. This system does not emit sound waves, making it a stealthier option. Passive sonar can detect sounds made by other vessels, marine life, and underwater structures, allowing submarines to remain undetected while gathering information about their surroundings.

How Sonar Helps Avoid Collisions

Detection

One of the primary functions of sonar is to detect obstacles and other vessels in the vicinity. This detection is crucial for both stationary and moving objects, such as underwater mountains, shipwrecks, and other submarines or ships.

Mapping the Environment

By utilizing sonar, submarines can create a detailed map of the underwater environment. This map helps submarines understand the terrain, identify potential hazards, and plan safe navigation routes. The reliability of this mapping capability is especially important in complex and crowded underwater environments.

Real-time Information

A key advantage of sonar is its ability to provide real-time data. This data allows submarines to adjust their course and speed in real-time to avoid collisions. In crowded or complex underwater environments, this real-time information is essential for safe navigation.

Depth and Distance Measurement

Accuracy in determining depth and distance is another critical function of sonar. By measuring how deep the submarine is and how far away objects are, sonar helps avoid shallow areas or underwater obstacles. This information is crucial for the safe operation of the submarine, ensuring that it remains undamaged during navigation.

Practical Application on a Submarine

The practical application of sonar in submarines is evident in the navigation system design. For instance, in some submarines, there is a small cabin located on the bow equipped with a large window. This room serves as an observation point for sailors who can visually monitor the environment. When the sailor detects an object in the path, they can alert the captain through a predefined procedure.

Here’s an example: 'Observer One Sir. Object ahead 500 yards. Turn Starboard 8 degrees.'

The captain would then respond: 'Roger that, Observer One. Turning Starboard 8 degrees.'

Conclusion

In summary, both active and passive sonar technologies are essential for submarines to navigate safely underwater, avoid collisions, and ensure operational effectiveness while remaining stealthy. This capability is crucial for military operations, research missions, and safe travel in the often treacherous underwater environment.