Do Information Systems Necessarily Require Computer Systems?

Introduction

Information systems encompass a wide range of tools and techniques used to store, retrieve, and manipulate data. Traditionally, the term 'information system' evokes the notion of computer-based systems, yet the reality is more diverse. This article explores whether an information system must always be a computer system, delving into the abstract concept of computation, the practical role of computers, and the broader applications of information systems.

Understanding Computation and Computers

Central to this discussion is the separation between the abstract notion of computation and the physical implementation of computers. Computation represents the desired outcome or task, while computers are the means through which we achieve this task. Even more abstractly, algorithms provide a step-by-step guide on how to perform a computation. Thus, we have three core levels:

What We Want to Do: The goal or the abstract computation we desire. How We Do It with an Algorithm: The method or procedure that translates the goal into a sequence of steps. How the Algorithm is Executed: The specific implementation of the algorithm that a computer or another system uses to perform the task.

Information Systems Beyond Computer Systems

An information system can be as simple as a filing cabinet where documents are organized and retrieved based on predefined algorithms. A tool shed, with its organized layout for storing and retrieving tools, can also be considered an information system. The filing cabinet and tool shed, despite being manual, embody algorithms for data organization and retrieval. Thus, the idea that information systems must be computer-based is a misconception.

The Role of Computers in Information Systems

Today, in industrialized countries, most significant information systems are run via computers. However, the automation provided by computers largely relates to the speed and efficiency of processing tasks. Computers enable fast retrieval and manipulation of data, reduce human error, and provide accurate results relatively quickly. Tasks like facial recognition and complex pattern matching, while still computationally intensive, can be performed by humans but would be significantly slower and error-prone.

Time as the Ultimate Resource

The primary resource for computers is time. Fast processors, efficient memory, and quick access to storage are all about optimizing the use of time. Regardless of the complexity of the task, the essence of computation remains the manipulation of data to achieve a desired outcome, which can be done manually or through a computer.

Flexibility and Independence

A practical consideration in the design of information systems is the separation of higher-level specifications from the specific implementation. Computational specifications and algorithms should remain independent of the electronic hardware. Changes in technology, particularly in computing, are rapid, but the underlying tasks and goals remain relatively constant. This independence allows for greater flexibility and adaptability in the development and deployment of information systems.

Conclusion

In summary, while the use of computers significantly enhances the efficiency and accuracy of information systems, it is not a requirement. Given the diverse range of systems that fall under the umbrella of information systems, the separation between computation and computer systems is crucial for understanding and implementing these systems effectively.