Can All F-35s Land Vertically?

When discussing the capabilities of the F-35 Lightning II fighter jet, one of the most intriguing questions is whether all variants of the F-35 can land vertically. Let's delve into the specifics of the F-35A, F-35B, and F-35C variants to understand their landing capabilities.

F-35 Variants Overview

The F-35 Lightning II is a fifth-generation stealth fighter with three main variants: F-35A, F-35B, and F-35C. Each variant is designed for different roles and operates under specific conditions:

F-35A: The F-35A is a conventional aircraft, intended primarily for land bases. It features a larger internal fuel capacity and is designed to operate from well-staged airfields. F-35B: The F-35B is the short takeoff/vertical landing (STOVL) variant, which uses a unique engine and landing systems. It is capable of taking off and landing vertically. F-35C: The F-35C is the naval version and is Carrier Arrested Landing (CALS) capable, allowing it to land on aircraft carriers using a tailhook.

Vertical Landing: The F-35B Story

Only the F-35B, the short takeoff/vertical landing (STOVL) variant, is truly versatile in terms of landing modes. The F-35B uses a vertical fan behind the cockpit and thrust vectoring, which allows it to hover and land vertically. This capability is a testament to the advanced technology and engineering that went into developing the F-35B.

The F-35B utilizes a process known as controlled vertical landing (CVL) to achieve a safe vertical touchdown. This involves the pilot managing the engine thrust to slow the aircraft and control its descent. The ability to land vertically is crucial in remote or difficult-to-access locations, reducing the reliance on specific infrastructure.

Limitations of Vertical Landing for F-35A and F-35C

While the F-35A and F-35C can perform vertical takeoffs (if necessary due to the lack of runway), they are not designed for vertical landings. The F-35A can benefit from a tailhook for vertical landings if equipped with a tailhook, but this is not its primary capability. The F-35C, being focused on carrier operations, is optimized for traditional landings using a tailhook, which allows for a controlled and safer descent on the deck of an aircraft carrier.

However, in emergencies, both the F-35A and F-35C can perform a helicopter-style vertical landing. This involves deploying a parafoil or other similar device to slow the descent and achieve a safe vertical landing. This is highly exceptional and is used primarily in emergency situations or to land on improvised or small landing pads.

Benefits and Drawbacks

Vertical landing can offer several advantages, such as reduced need for extensive runway infrastructure and flexibility in landing locations, especially in unconventional scenarios. However, it also presents significant challenges for pilot and passenger comfort, especially during emergencies or rough landings.

For the pilot and passengers, vertical landing can be a taxing maneuver, requiring precise control and stamina. This is particularly true for the F-35B, which demands a high degree of skill and experience. The F-35B is equipped with advanced software and systems to assist the pilot, but the operational demands of vertical landing should not be underestimated.

Conclusion

While vertical landing is a capability that comes with the F-35B, it is not shared among all F-35 variants. The F-35A and F-35C, while capable of vertical takeoffs, rely on traditional landing methods for their primary operations. Vertical landing offers unique advantages but also poses significant challenges, making it a critical consideration in the operational planning and tactical use of each F-35 variant.

Understanding these details is crucial for military planners, pilots, and those interested in the capabilities and limitations of the F-35 Lightning II. Each variant's unique design and function highlight the versatility and adaptability of this cutting-edge aircraft.